Accessibility: It can assist individuals with visual impairments by converting text content into spoken words, making digital content more accessible. Contemporary Persian A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian Qajar dynasty

Smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil". Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 December 2012. Perry, John R. (2011). "Persian". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill Online.

Learn Persian For Beginners

Modern Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian are written using the Persian alphabet which is a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet, which uses different pronunciation and additional letters not found in Arabic language. After the Arab conquest of Persia, it took approximately 200 years before Persians adopted the Arabic script in place of the older alphabet. Previously, two different scripts were used, Pahlavi, used for Middle Persian, and the Avestan alphabet (in Persian, Dīndapirak, or Din Dabire—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the Avestan but sometimes for Middle Persian. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in Southwestern Iran (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash, who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings. [67] Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, Parsuwash (along with Matai, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of Lake Urmia in the records of Shalmaneser III. [68] The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian pārsa itself coming directly from the older word * pārćwa. [68] Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, Median, according to P. O. Skjærvø it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the Achaemenid Empire and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE. [67] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the Armenian people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. [69] in Iranian Persian / ɣ/ and / q/ have merged into [ ɣ~ ɢ], as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] when positioned intervocalically and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop [ɢ] otherwise. [112] [113] [114]

Orthography Example showing Nastaʿlīq's (Persian) proportion rules [132] [ citation not found] Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda's personal handwriting, a typical cursive Persian script The word "Persian" in the Book Pahlavi script Persian was the only non-European language known and used by Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan and in his journeys through China. [81] [82] Use in Asia Minor Persian on an Ottoman miniature According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language" [21] for which close philological relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent [21] [56] one and the same language of Persian; that is, New Persian is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian. [56] Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language [57] but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian. [58] [59] Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian." [60]a b Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997). Persian. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02311-4. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 . Retrieved 18 November 2020. Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.). The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp.85–86. Judeo-Tat. Part of the Tat-Persian continuum, spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as by immigrant communities in Israel and New York. Grewal, J. S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p.112. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019 . Retrieved 29 July 2020. The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.